Cyfrowa Etnografia

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Part of Summary of articles / Polska Sztuka Ludowa - Konteksty 1975 t.29 z.4

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kazano na wystawie. 12 m ł o d y c h
twórców o t r z y m a ł o nagrody i wyróż­
nienia. N a g r o d ę zespołową o t r z y m a ł o
kółko hafciarskie, nagrody indywidu­
alne za h a f t y : Urszula Holka (1. 21),
z Miłoszewa, Barbara Polewska i Bar­
bara Dreing (po lat 15) z Ż u k o w a oraz
Roman Hinc (1. 19) z W d z y d z ; za
plecionki — Irona Brzezińska (1. 16)
z Borzestowa i Maria Hir.c (1. 21)
z Wdzydz; za tabakiory z rogu —
Irona Szmytke (1. 16) z Borzestowa;
za rzoźby — Mieczysław Cieszyński
(1. 21) z Wieprznicy i Bogusław Głodowski (1. 19) z Sulęcina; za obrazki
na szkle — Franciszek Sychowski
(1. 18) z Wejherowa, Wiesława Ża­
rach (1. 16) i Małgorzata Ł e w n a (ł. 15)
z Borzestowa oraz Waldemar Nacz
(1. 17) z Kielna. Najmłodsi uczestnicy
konkursu mieli po lat 13 (inf. T.)

*
27. V I — w P a ń s t w o w y m Muzeum
Etnograficznym w Warszawio roz­
strzygnięto konkurs na ludowo i n strumonty muzyczno z terenu Mazow­
sza. Organizatorami konkursu b y l i :
Muzoum i Urz. W o j . w Warszawie.

*
28. V I — r o z s t r z y g n i ę t y został
konkurs sztuki ludowej zorganizo­
wany przez D o m K u l t u r y w Ł a s k u
i Muzoum Rogionalno w Pabianicach.
W Konkursio udział wzięło 45 twór­
ców ludowych, zgłoszono 642 prace.
J u r y przyznało nagrody n a s t ę p u j ą c o :
w dziedzinie tkactwa — Władysławie
Dobroszek, wieś R ó ż a ; w dziedzinie
kowalstwa artystycznego — Edwar­
dowi Krzysztofiakowi, Wola Marzeńska; w dziedzinie rzeźby — Stanisła­
wowi
Krzyżańskiemu,
Zawady;
w dziedzinie zdobnictwa — Wandzie
Gawoł, D o b r o ń ; w zakresie przedmio­
t ó w obrzędowych — Józofie Pluta,
Bychlew; w dziedzinio haftu — wyróżnionie o t r z y m a ł a Anna D ł u ż y ń s k a ,
Wola Marzeńska. Ponadto przyznano
9 n a g r ó d I I i 11 n a g r ó d I I I . Nagrody
ufundowali: M K i S , U r z . W o j . w Łodzi,
Urz. Pow. w Ł a s k u , Cepelia w Łodzi.

*
pn.

V I — w ramach cyklu wystaw
„Krajobrazy
sztuki ludowej

U

M

w Polsce" organizowanych przez M u ­
zoum Pomorza Środkowogo w Słupsku
otwarto w Zamku K s i ą ż ą t Pomorskich
w y s t a w ę : „ P o d l a s k i e dywany dwuosnowowe", uprzednio p r e z e n t o w a n ą
we wszystkich większych o ś r o d k a c h
w kraju oraz w Kownie i Meiningon
(NRD).
Polska sztuka ludowa za granicą
10—20.1 V — w O ś r o d k u Infor­
macji i K u l t u r y Polskiej w Buda­
peszcie czynna, była wystawa gobe­
linów, kilimów i t k a n i n Sp. i m . St.
W y s p i a ń s k i e g o z K r a k o w a . W czasie
wystawy zorganizowano kiermasz w y ­
r o b ó w ludowych.

*
18.V — w Opawie (CSRS) otwarta
została wystaw;; rzoźby w węglu
i malarstwa a m a t o r ó w , zorganizo­
wana w ramach umowy o wzajemnej
w s p ó ł p r a c y przez Muzoum Górnośłąskio w B y t o m i u i Śląskie Muzoum
w Opawie.
Na wystawie z.aprozentowano 86
obrazów i 72 rzoźby w węglu. Uro­
czystego otwarcia w obecności władz
czeskicłi d o k o n a ł dyrektor Muzeum
Górnośląskiego w B y t o m i u mgr Józef
Kowalewski.

*

3.IV — na Z a m k u Królowskim
w We,rszawie otwarta została wielka
aukcja dzieł sztuki ludowej pod hasłem
„Najpiękniojsze dzieła sztuki ludowej
na o d b u d o w ę Z a m k u Królewskiego".
Impreza zorgan.izowa.na została przez
redakcję „ G r o m a d y — Rolnika Pol­
skiego", Cepelię i
Stowarzyszenie
Twórców L u d o w y c h . Przygotowania
t r w a ł y k i l k a miesięcy, w czasie któ­
rych n a p ł y w a ł y nieustająco dary od
t w ó r c ó w ludowych z calogo kraju.
W sumio nadesła,no ponad 3.000 prac
od ok. 700 a u t o r ó w . W ś r ó d nadesła­
nych p r z e d m i o t ó w obok cennych dzioł
współczesnej sztuki ludowej znalazło
się wiolo r o b ó t e k ręcznych i prac
amatorskich roprozontujących bardzo
r ó ż n y poziom.

*

*

V — w Szwecji o d b y ł y się „ D n i
Polskie", w k t ó r y c h uczestniczył Zesspół Piośni i T a ń c a „ P o d h a l e " z No­
wego Targu. Podczas p o b y t u w Szwecji
Zespół d a ł 26 w y s t ę p ó w w 15 mia­
stach, przyjmowany wszędzie z og r o m n y m aplauzem.

V I — w skansenie w Bierkowi­
cach odbyło się spotkanie — biesiada
opolskiego Oddziału S T L . Poza pre­
lekcją i d y s k u s j ą na temat pomocy
p a ń s t w a dla t w ó r c ó w ludowych odbył
się program artystyczny zaimprowizo­
wany przoz u c z e s t n i k ó w zebrania.

*

22—28.VI — w O ś r o d k u Infor­
macji i K u l t u r y P R L w Berlinie czyn­
na b y ł a wystawa amatorskiej t w ó r ­
czości „ L u d z i Morza", przygotowana
przez
Morski
Ośrodek
Kultury
w Szczecinie. Autorzy, w większości
marynarze i rybacy — przodstawili
prace z zakresu r z e ź b y , malarstwa,
grafiki, metaloplastyki i p a m i ą t k a r ­
stwa.
Inne
24.V — we W ł o c ł a w k u , z okazji
30-lecia „Chłopskiej D r o g i " odbyło się
uroczyste wręczenie n a g r ó d i m . Jana
Pocka za rok 1975. W t y m roku na­

*

V I — Ludowa Spółdzielnia Wy­
dawnicza rozpoczęła fundowanie włas­
n y c h dorocznych n a g r ó d .
J u r y — pod przewodnictwem
Józefa Ozgi Michalskiego — przy­
z n a ł o jo za r o k 1974 m . i n . prof.
dr Józefowi Burszcie — za książkę
Kultura ludowa — kultura narodowa.
Redakcja ,,Polskiej
Sztuki Ludo­
wej" dziękuje za nadesłane do kroniki
materiały, a szczególnie p. mgr Barbarze
Tężyckiej
z MKiS,
dr Ewie
Fryś- Pietraszkowej z Krakowa i p. Izabelli
Trojanowskiej
z Gdańska.

rO

M

SUMMARY OF
Aleksandra
Jacher-Tyszkowa
— POLISH
1 9 T H - C E N T U R Y G R A P H I C A R T AS A SOURCE OF
S T U D I E S O N F O L K DRESSES
A n iconograpbic object to became a historical document
must bo reliable, direct and established by personal observa­
t i o n , comments the author. Many illustrations discussed i n
the article fulfil this requirement. However, the author
comes to the conclusion t h a t oven i f an illustration boars
evident traces of a, stylistic convention of the era, or i f i t
was created throught aesthetic incentives as is tho ce-so in
gonro painting, i t can also be of some value for an ethno­
grapher since it may help to dotermino the chronology of
somo forms of dress. Such dross are illustrations are of tho
greatest value either as illustrations to ethnographic texts,
separate plates, or albums o f folk costumes. The people
appearing i n these illustrations aro often characterized by
accessories which show the profossion or social class. A n
essential point is to define to what oxtent a dress shown is
a typical one.
The illustrations were made b y outstanding painters,
for instanco J. P. Norblin, and less skilled artists, some­
times amatours who sent illustrations of folk drosses when
an author of a book on the life o f country people appoaled
254

grody o t r z y m a l i : Franciszek Becióski,
poeta z Pomorza, Maria Cedro —
poetka z Kieleckiego, Wanda Czubernat — poetka i działaczka z Podhala,
W ł a d y s ł a w Makowski — kowal z Krakowskiogo, Józof Małek — poeta,
współtwórca
kabaretu
ludowego
„ R z e p " z Lubelszczyzny i Jan Holubowski — muzykant ludowy z Warmii
i Mazur.

M

ARTICLES

for them. The author of the article attaches much importance
to illustrations as documents, though she stresses tho necesity
to eomparo them w i t h other sources, especially written
ones. Therefore A . Jacher — - Tyszkowa proposes further
studios on archive materials which m i g h t considerably
broader our knowlegdo of folk dresses.
The more i m p o r t a n t illustrators p o r t r a y i n g peoplo and
their clothing since tho beginning of tho 19th century, when
peoplo began to collect and preserve national "tokens of
remembrance", are discussed i n the article. Tho sketchos
and painters sometimos borrowed models form their prede­
cessors and changed thom to a greator or lesser oxtond.
Jacek

Olędzki

VOTIVE HYMNS

P i l g r i m hymns wore often regarded as votivo offerrings.
P i l g r i m litorsture is connected w i t h tho cult of tho Virgin
Mary. A varioty of forms of this cult is characteristic of the
religious fooling of Polish country pooplo. A n expression
of this is tho cult of miraculous picturos and figures. There
are several such pictures and figures i n a small area of the
Rzeszów region. Monasteries, especially those of the Bernardinos, played an essential role i n tho promotion of this
cult.

Each place of the cult has its o w n legend. The legends
tell about the first miraculous events w h i c h occurred betw­
een the 16th and the second h a l f o f the 18th century.
The privileged who experienced the revelation were people
of low social origin (poor peasants). I n the archival notes
and notes made when a v o t i n g offerring was offorred, quoted
are proofs of many unusual events.
Votive offerrings were made not only i n silver. Some­
times they were made i n a symbolic form, for example
parts o f body made i n wax, t o w h i c h a short or an arrow
was attached as proof t h a t Providence d i d not allow greater
harm to be done t o the wounded. There are very m a n y of
such votive offerrings i n the Chapel o f Our L a d y i n the
Bernardino Church i n Rzeszów. There is also a big painting
divided into one hundred section of equal size which show
ono miraculous event ascribed t o Cur L a d y of R z e s z ó w
between 1513—1776 and provide a comment on i t . Innume­
rable proofs corroborate the wonder-making power of the
sanctuary.
The author discusses some events shown i n tho picture,
mentions kinds o f disasters, illnesses and calaminites w h i c h
afflicted this region. H e also describes forms of requests
and thanksgiving. Tho simplest of t h e m was a prayer or the
givin™ of altar wine.
P i l g r i m hymns, w h i c h are discussed in another articlo
by F . K o t u l a m a y contribute t o the elucidation of the
problem of how long the Polish c o m m u n i t y cherished and
formulated ideas on the nature o f the V i r g i n M a r y . The
author quotes and discussos new hymns about. Our L a d y
of Leżajsk who appeared t o her servant Tomasz Michałek
one evening i n 1752. Our L a d y is called a " V i r g i n , "
a " D a w n , " an intermediary between God a,nd man.
Another hymns published i n F r y d e k (Cieszyn Silesia)
says t h a t the V i r g i n M a r y lived before the creation of the
earth and helped God t o create i t .
I n an atmosphere o f such feoling and belief various
forms of the cult o f the V i r g i n M a r y wore initiated i n the
Rzeszów region w h i c h ere not k n o w n i n other parts of the
country. One of such forms is a "Funeral of Our L a d y "
colobratod in Borek e„nd Przeworsk during which hymns
are sung about Ma/ry's d o r m i t i o n , funeral and assumption.
Metal votive offerrings are also discussed i n the article.
There a,re one hundred of such offerrings i n the afore-men­
tioned Chapel of Our L a d y i n tho Bernardino Church i n
Rzeszów. These are m o s t l y manufactured hearts, legs, and
hands. The o l d ones, and there were thousands of t h e m ,
were recast into canddlesticks.
A t Leżajsk, which was visited m a i n l y b y p i l g r i m
women, votive offerrings are i n the form of corral necklaces,
and silver crosses which wore w o r n i n the 19th century on
the breast.
Tho article ends w i t h a description of the picture i n
the Bernardino Church at Leżajsk ( i l l . 13) extolling the
sanctuary and at the same t i m e a suggestive and realistic
portrait of five people, representatives of various social
classes - a priest, a burgher, a, nobleman, noblelady, and
a peasant-convalescent.
F r a n c i s z e k
K o t u l a
PILGRIM HYMNS

ILLUSTRATIONS

OF

P i l g r i m hymns were connected w i t h rural life, churchfairs, markets, a need to experience affection and religious,

mysterious and metaphysical emotions. Those hymns played
and integrative role i n the community. People when singing
hymns about Christ's Passion and Death were deeply moved
and b y this act they discharged their misery, their l o t .
B u y i n g hymns illustrated w i t h scenes of the Passion
of Christ or Saints, poople could have a good look at thorn
and consoled themselves t h a t others sufforred more t h a n
they d i d and were rewarded after death. Singing, people
feld stronger, more resistant.
H y m n s , and especially the whole atmosphore of a
church-fair or market, were a sort of entertainment after
monotonous hard work. Prints w i t h hymns about miracles,
and revelations spurred the imagination, "novelties" played
a role o f to-day's mass media., informing people about,
sensations and t h r i l l i n g events. The singers were inmediatoly
surrounded b y crowds of people who wanted to loarn the
melody and the text of tho hymns could purchased on the
spot at a very low price.
The hymns were composed b y beggars who were
organized i n guilds and were active i n a region appointed
to them. Many of t h e m could boast of an excellent memory.
H y m n s which became the most popular were ordered i n
small print-shops and then "a delegate" picked up the
ready product and divided i t among the beggars.
The t r a d i t i o n has i t t h a t p i l g r i m hymns were also
composed b y friars and some illiterate, pious peasants.
Political, patriotic songs were not so common. They
were composed b y insurgents, m i l i t a r y men, people who
travelled a l o t .
The printers added illustrations t o the songs sometimes
of any type, even i f they d i d not refer to the content of the
songs. A n illustration mado tho p r i n t more attractive, i t
filled free spaces, as d i d ornamentation. Wood-engraving
blocks and metal matrices adapted to typography wore used
i n p r i n t i n g . Small print-shops sometimes bought used forms
from bigger print-shops.
Illustrations were added t o religious songs, i n other
kinds o f songs illustrations appeared very rarely. Tho reason
was t h a t there was no t i m e to prepare an illustre/tion to the
" n o v e l t y , " apart from the fact t h a t illustrations would rise
tho price of p r i n t i n g . The a i m o f tho "novelt " was to ap­
pear quickly, to get ahead of the competition.
Prints were also disseminated b y hucksters, who besides
toys, devotional objects and various kinds of goods also
sold literary trash. They were i n contact w i t h bigger and
better print-shops. These print-shops acted as publishers,
wholesale dealers, and hucksters distributod prints at fairs.
P r i n t i n g plates were used t i l l they were worn out and
various print-shops used the same plates. The authors of
these illustrations are unknown as are the authors of the
hymns. They were published anonymously.
Prints sold i n stalls were published i n hundreds of
thoussands o f copies, and hymns in millions of copies.
However, very few copies have been preserved, as thoy
were worn out b y reading.
The prints were not collected, b u t there is one collec­
t i o n of several hundred prints published i n the Rzeszów and
P r z e m y ś l regions which was collected b y the author of this
article, and another one collected by the museum of Rzeszów.
Further paragraphs of the article b y F . K o t u l a are
devoted to discussion of single prints and illustrations. The
article is complemented w i t h a note on old print-shops i n
the R z e s z ó w region.

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Cena 18 zł.
I N D E K S 37132/36940
Indeks P L ISSN 0032-3721

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